The Forensic Consultation Corporation Free Essays

The fear based oppression danger to the US and the US intrigue overall stays critical years after the 9/11 assaults. As per the counter psychological warfare community, fear mongering frequencies against the US country have decreased significantly over the most recent three years. (Court TV Crime Library) The essential danger has been and remains the Al Qaeda arrange, just as other psychological warfare exercises authorized by such nations as Cuba, North Korea, Syria and Iran. We will compose a custom article test on The Forensic Consultation Corporation or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The administration through insight organizations has multiplied endeavors to expand the data on psychological oppression and fear based oppressors. Also, there have been surveys of the current strategies of profiling fear based oppressors. This follows the way that a portion of these procedures have flopped in giving viable models of profiling psychological oppressors. Profiling models for psychological militants comprise of breaking down various people and utilizing the data picked up to decide characters of likely fear based oppressors or culprits of fear based oppression exercises. A portion of the innovation utilized in the identification of fear mongers is meddling and disregards the protection issues (Turvey, Brent, 1998). Along these lines, it has been hard to recognize hoodlums and honest individuals. Also, some cutting edge innovations and profiling strategies are hard to use by non-specialized individuals. HOW PROFILING THECHNIQUES SHOULD CHANGE As per security specialists the US just as the world everywhere is at an expanding danger of fear based oppressor assaults that are more awful than the 9/11 assaults regarding death toll and property. There is expanded development and advancement in the tasks in the cutting edge fear based oppressor. The dangerous capability of the weapons utilized today, has likewise expanded altogether (Turvey, Brent, 1998). It is accordingly basic that a few changes be actualized to guarantee that the methods can meet the danger of psychological warfare in the US as well as else where on the planet where such a danger exists. A portion of the suggested changes include:  ·  Professionals particularly analysts, specialists and sociologists have a consistently expanding job in the act of psychological militants profiling.â Through conduct investigation, documentation, and gifted meeting; just as proactive addressing strategies, it is conceivable to filter people with criminal thought processes from guiltless residents so security faculty can additionally examine them. (Court TV Crime Library) The FBI institute, conduct science unit, is a positive development.  ·  Developing examination emotionally supportive networks that can isolate psychological militant exercises from honest exercises.  ·   Raising mindfulness among the overall population, so they can have the option to observe harmless exercises, which could be demonstrative of psychological oppressor exercises.  · The significance of new innovation in the battle against fear mongering can't be over underlined, particularly advancement of frameworks that permits reconnaissance without damaging on people’s protection.  ·  The progress that has been made to move past the liable by affiliation and model ought to be combined to kill or diminish blunders related with it.  ·  Due to the consistent changes in fear based oppressor practices and tasks the profiling methods should be continually changing, reconsidered and research on various models should proceed with more prominent rhythm.  · Important security faculty, for example, air terminal, aircraft and ocean port security directors, delegates from different international safe havens and departments, security chiefs, cops lastly the administration work force associated with basic framework insurance ought to be completely prepared in order to be mindful to bizarre practices that could be a sign of fear based oppression aims. Job OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGISTS Because of the expanded danger of psychological warfare as of late and occasions, for example, the Bacillus anthracis alarm that followed the September 11, 2001 fear monger assaults in New York and Washington DC, crafted by criminological analysts became basic and increasingly basic however is measurable procedures. This includes the utilization of both character and criminal profiling hypothesis towards the psycho-conduct profiling of fear based oppressor and their pioneers/commandants. Profiles of these sorts of figures would fill various needs. They would recommend how an individual is well on the way to continue on their psychological oppression attempt, how they would react to a specific activity by the profiler’s partners or how industrious the individual is at acquiring specific objectives. For example, saddam Hussein and Bin Laden could have two differentiating characteristics in that Saddam is dictator in nature while loaded is a profoundly insubordinate character. These profiles help the legal analysts to distinguish and follow the fear based oppressors to recognize and follow the psychological militants along with their partners henceforth extraordinarily affecting on thE psychological warfare rate. PROFILE OF A TYPICAL TERRORIST Relative and Theoretical Aspects.  ·   The run of the mill fear based oppressor is unmarried. Numerous psychological oppressors are prepared to pass on for the reason and they have no confidence later on. Many stay unmarried on the grounds that they wish to keep away from long haul duties (Schneier, Bruce. 2004).  ·   Religious. Most fear mongers are Muslims and in spite of the fact that not all Muslims bolster psychological warfare, there is a solid chronicled interface among Islamic and psychological oppression which can't be ignored.  ·  Considerably instructed. The fear monger of today are destined to be accomplished, careful in their arranging, and learned in the utilization of current correspondence types of gear and strategies.  ·   Subscribes to radical and progressive philosophies. The man or lady who is prepared to pass on for a reason is either a patriot/nationalist or a â€Å"psychopath† who as a rule has a poor family foundation and looks for acknowledgment bad. Anyway the advanced psychological militant is truly not intellectually sick, yet rather has been profoundly programmed with limited â€Å"ideologies.†  ·  Could be male or female in spite of the fact that there is an inclination for male psychological militants.  ·  The time of plausible psychological militant is twenties or mid thirties.  ·  Family connections.â An imaginable competitor could have family relations with individuals who have been engaged with fear based oppression or the individuals who identify with psychological militant exercises. Mental ASPECTS  ·  A current fear based oppressor is prepared to bite the dust and isn't extremely keen on making arrangements for a departure course.  ·  A fear monger is prepared to relinquish worries about close to home security so as to break the obstructions of safeguard that may exist.  ·  The objective of the fear monger is to say something that propels their motivation and is intellectually persuaded they are doing the best thing as well as the â€Å"honorable† thing. End The danger of fear based oppression is genuine today and governments everywhere throughout the world ought to team up and cooperate to guarantee they decrease their group and individual weakness to psychological oppressor exercises. Measures ought to be established to secure the US country. In any case, it ought to be noticed that all fear based oppressor exercises are hard to dispense with; and profiling psychological oppressor stays a tough errand for security specialists and staff. Examination and standard survey of and modifications of strategies ought to be made in the region of fear monger profiling, to guarantee the methods used are continually exceptional and ready to stay aware of the elements of current psychological militant activities. References Schneier, Bruce (2004). Conduct Assessment Profiling. Recovered on June 19, 2007 www.schneier.com/blog/documents/2004/11/profile_hinky.html Turvey, Brent, (1998). Deductive Criminal Profiling: Comparing Applied Methodologies  Step by step instructions to refer to The Forensic Consultation Corporation, Essay models

ANSWERS TO SOME FREQUENTLY Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ANSWERS TO SOME FREQUENTLY - Dissertation Example 2. WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF TRANSACTIONS TO WHICH THE BAN ON RIBA IS APPLICABLE? DOES THE TERM APPLY ONLY TO THE INTEREST CHARGED ON CONSUMPTION LOANS OR DOES IT ALSO COVER PRODUCTIVE LOANS ADVANCED BY BANKING AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS? The Shariah obviously expresses that riba al-nasi'ah, â€Å"the fixing ahead of time a positive profit for an advance as a compensation for waiting† is precluded. Subsequently it could be comprehended as a restriction on enthusiasm as usually utilized today. Islamic law specialists, the fuqaha, state in no muddled terms that all signs of riba are prohibited. So it doesn't make a difference if the setting is utilization or business and furthermore whether the credit in gave or profited. It is additionally superfluous whether the organization being referred to is a business bank, government office, business venture or a person. 3. DOES THE PROHIBITION OF RIBA APPLY EQUALLY TO THE LOANS OBTAINED FROM OR EXTENDED TO MUSLIMS AS WELL AS NON-MUSLIMS? The Islamic Fiqh Academy (IFA), which is the main expert on budgetary exchanges, makes reference to that there is no mercy in the use of Shariah laws regardless of whether one gathering of a money related exchange is non-Muslim. ... IS SUCH A SCHEME ACCEPTABLE FROM AN ISLAMIC POINT OF VIEW? In economies with high paces of expansion, limitations forced by Shariah laws can subvert estimation of speculations. To make up for such a misfortune, a strategy for indexation is generally utilized. There is no accord yet among the fuqaha, concerning the similarity of indexation rehearses with Islamic sacred writings. So far the Fiqh Academy has allowed indexation in cases relating to â€Å"wages and contracts satisfied over a time of time† and has prohibited in cases relating to fiscal obligations. So also, â€Å"for obligations in a particular money, due in portions, the gatherings may consent to settle the portions due in an alternate cash at the overall pace of trade on the date of settlement†. 5. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR MODES OF FINANCING USED BY ISLAMIC BANKS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS? Islamic financial framework has developed a couple of bright methods of financing so as to consent to Shariah standards. The primary mode depends on sharing of the two benefits and misfortunes brought about by speculations, individually the mudarahab (inactive association) and musharakah (dynamic organization). The subsequent mode works based on layaway offered durig the acquisition of products and enterprises and uses such money related ideas as murabahah (deal at a benefit markup), ijarah (renting), salam and istisna (contracts). These modes are remarkable to Islamic back and have been affirmed by fiqh authorities. Aside from being reliable with Islamic statutes, these modes boost direct speculations, in this manner adding to financial development of the bank/foundation/nation. However, upgrades should be done so as to incorporate Islamic monetary framework into worldwide

iDoor

iDoor Almost a year ago, I met a kid who tried to convince me to come back to his room with him to see his hydraulic door. To this day he insists 1) that it didnt happen and 2) if it did happen, his intentions were completely innocent and simply limited to showing me how he could use water to open and close his door. Whether you believe him or not, I have to admit my boyfriends door is pretty good at attracting the ladies. Heres his door in action: A couple notes from someone who has opened and shut this door from her iPhone on several occasions: 1) My decrepit old fogey of an iPhone that still runs on Edge is faster than Chriss 3G iPhone at opening his door every single time. Other things it beats Chriss phone at: finding things on maps, being good looking, etc. 2) Because the door button was right next to a lot of other important buttons on my iPhone, I often accidentally opened his door. Fortunately theres a webcam pointed at it so I could check if Id left it open, but there have definitely been hold on, I just accidentally opened Chriss door occasions during phone calls. 3) This also happened with other people playing with the door, especially while I was napping. 4) An earlier version of the secret knock consisted of banging the top of the door really hard. Another enjoyable occurrence during naptime. 5) An actual quote from Chris, upon visiting my room: Your door is so ANALOG(UE)! Chris wrote up a more technical explanation of his door (the iDoor) on his blog, as well as submitted the video to Hack A Day. (In response to whoever commented, that might even be impressive to whoever he comes stumbling back to his room with, I would just like the say that it was, but I was more impressed by the fact that he got an A+ in 6.033.)

Distinction between the Western and Eastern Ways of Healing

Emily-Rose had just turned 36 and was in her first semester at university when her world began to crumble. This could not have come at a worse time as she has always looked forward to doing a Health Studies degree. Her friends and family were alarmed at the sudden moodiness, insomnia, fatigue, headaches, confusion, joint and muscle pain, nausea Ã¥Å" °nd above all, the enduring feeling of tiredness she complained of. Emily-Rose has suddenly changed from a happy woman to someone who battled daily episodes of what she calls extreme tiredness and anxiety. In the first three weeks of starting university, her husband Harry and sons, Brian and Bob have put this down to overwork at university and firmly told her to slacken up a bit. Although she tried a new relaxation regime suggested by her friend Anita, she still complained of daily episodes of overwhelming tiredness and general malaise. Her weekly part-time care work had all but thinned out due to this overwhelming tiredness; this is in s pite of following Anitas suggested relaxation technique. She began to miss classes regularly but confided in Brian and Bob, she will only go to the doctors if things persist into the next three weeks. Emily-Rose is of mixed English-African parentage. Her paternal grandmother Iyabo is African. On Emily-Roses last visit home, her African grandma confidently confirmed the condition as Kuru, a condition which she says occurred in those days when a woman is about to start early menopause. SheShow MoreRelatedMethods and Myths of Traditional African Medicines and its Place in Modern Society1229 Words   |  5 Pagesremedies have been responsible for taking care of the African world as we know it. Traditional African medicines have been a greater help to all of society and modern science, but still lie at the root of much controversy over its ability to be a valid healing tool. 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These philosophical and cultural differencesRead MoreEssay on Qi-Energy, Qi Gong, and Neurons2013 Words   |  9 PagesWest vs. East There has existed for quite some time the distinction between current western medicine and ancient eastern alternative medicine. Western medicine has dealt primarily with the study of the nervous system, the visceral organs, and observable behavior, treating illness with drugs, designed to alter the bodys chemistry. A western doctor looks for pathological conditions manifested through physical symptoms. While eastern medicine focuses on these aspects as well, it studies theseRead MoreThe Atonement Of Christ s Death Essay1920 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent ways of looking at the atonement, the Christus Victor and Penal Substitution views are held within those broader contextual categories. The expiation view of atonement states that the problem that plagues humanity is sin and death, rather than the view that forgiveness from sin is not available. In other words, the issue keeping Christians from God and from salvation is sin, death, and the devil, rather than God’s wrath. The view of expiation is one that is common among Eastern OrthodoxyRead MoreThe Religion Of The Roman Empire Essay1834 Words   |  8 Pagesprevalence to this day is proof of the strong influence and cultural legacy of Hellenistic culture. The early Christian faith experienced an exponential growth, strengthened by the use of human agents as missionaries, the continuity of a divine covenant between God and his believers, miracles that attracted converts, the idea of future salvation reachable to all the masses, government endorsement, and a flexible framework that provided a meaning of life based on God’s will. Together, these factors createdRead MoreAcupuncture Is A Therapeutic Techn ique Of Traditional Chinese Medicine ( Tcm )2153 Words   |  9 PagesMedicine (Chang Zhang, 2012:37). 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The main branches of ethics are meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics.Read More Romania - Ecotourism in Romania Essay1945 Words   |  8 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fascinating Romania nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At the eastern edge of Europe, Romania is perhaps best known for its Black Sea resorts, such as Mamaia and the Greco-Byzantine port of Constanta, and the Danube delta, listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site for its rich wetlands and abundant bird-life. The Transylvanian Alps occupy much of the northern half of the country, the waters of their many spa resorts having been appreciated for their healing properties since Roman times. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Romania

Employment law Free Essay Example, 2500 words

It is this unreasonable conduct that could be the subject of dispute and raise the issue of whether the dismissal was fair, but changing. (2) The Courts have shown a willingness to uphold restrictive covenants which are part of an agreement for sale of a business5 but this is not the case with restrictive covenants in employment contracts, which are scrutinized closely by the Courts. As Lewis points out, the restraint of trade doctrine, wherein a person has a right to pursue his occupation freely, imposes limitations on what may or may not be acceptable within the scope of a restrictive covenant. 6 In accordance with Lord McNaughton’s speech in Nordenfelt v Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Co Ltd7 the basic rule is that any kind of restraint of trade is void, hence an employer cannot protect himself against competition by imposing a restrictive covenant on an employee, especially after his employment has ceased. The Courts will examine the terms of the restrictive covenan t to assess whether the circumstances justify such restraints being placed on the employee. Hence the successful drafting of a restrictive covenant may require a â€Å"good deal of legal know-how. †8 Some rules have been established by the Courts on restrictive covenants. We will write a custom essay sample on Employment law or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Childcare Level 4 Keeping Children Safe Free Essays

string(29) " in the setting on that day\." Unit 4 – Keeping children safe E1/D1 Five main laws that underpin the provision of health, safe and secure environments for young children are: Health and Safety at Work Act 1974Under the act 1974, both employers and employees have duties. Employers must produce a written policy explaining how they will ensure the health, safety and welfare of all people who use the premises. Employees must cooperate with these arrangements and take reasonable care of themselves and others. We will write a custom essay sample on Childcare Level 4 Keeping Children Safe or any similar topic only for you Order Now Employers have a duty to display a health and safety law poster. The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrence Regulation (RIDDOR) 1995This regulation requires accidents, diseases and dangerous occurrence to be recorded. An accident book must be kept in order for staff to record an incidents occurred in the setting. It is very important to record any incidents that have happened in the setting. The purpose of doing this is to attend the child welfare and safeguarding. The records could be used by doctors if the child was to develop any further injury. Settings require parents to inform staff of any illness or allergies their child may have. This protects the child and staff. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 2002This regulation states that substances which can make people ill or injure them must be stored and used appropriately. In a setting substances hazard to health are locked away and out of the reach for children. Only a few members of staff have the key and only they can open the cupboard unless given permission by someone else to. If someone new comes to work in the setting it is the supervisor’s duty to tell them where these substances are kept. Substances accessible to children are generally chemical and toxic free and safe to use. All objects safe to use either have a kite mare, lion mark or CE mark. The marks reassure that the product is safe for the child. Personal Protective Equipment at Work (PPE) Regulations 1992The regulation states employers must make sure there is suitable protective equipment available for employers who are exposed to a risk to their health and safety at work. Staff in a childcare setting should be provided with equipment if they are doing any activities that are a risk to there health. It is important that staff wear the protective clothing/equipment to prevent injuries. Equipment such as gloves, goggles, science jackets etc are there to prevent us from haring that part of our body. Gloves are used when handling bodily fluids to protect the hand from burns or reaction to the substance. Food Handling Regulation 1995This regulation states if you are preparing or handling food you must; Wash hands, Make sure the surface is clean and hygienic, Make sure food is stored at the correct temperature, Dispose of waist hygienicallyIn a setting cooks are requires to tie their hair back and wear hair nets and apron. There are different c olour chopping boards for dealing with different kinds of foods, e. . meat and vegetables. Surfaces are cleaned thoroughly with bacterial sprays to ensure the food is prepared in the cleanest way. Food inspector’s regularly come in to settings to ensure cooks are storing food correctly and at the right temperature. If everything is done to satisfaction the setting is often awarded with a certificate. In the setting there a re labels and signs to show what goes where and how they should be used. Children are encouraged to abide by this regulation as well, when they do cooking activities. Children are told to wash their hands when handling and consuming food. Staff will plan activates that will teach children how to safely prepare food. Staff ma organise with the cook to have the children watch how they prepare their food in the kitchen. E2 Bump on head –a bump on the head is a common injury in young children. If it happens in the setting it should be noted down in the accident book which every childcare setting must have. Then the injury should be treated with an ice pack. The child should be closely supervised as the injury could cause them to become drowsy. Parents should be given a copy of the accident form or a letter must be sent home. It depends on the procedure of the setting. The parent should always be informed of the accident when they come to collect their child. Asthma attack –a child having an asthma attack needs to be comforted and taken to a quiet place away from the other children. The child is then given an inhaler. Staff must call the parent/career straight away informing them about what has happened to their child. Staff should reassure the child by telling them every thing is going to be ok and try to steady the child breathing by breathing with them slowly which will allow air to get to their lungs. The child should never be left alone. Sickness and Diarrhoea – if a child has diarrhoea the parent/ career must be informed and ask to pick up the child immediately. If the child has vomited then children should be moved away from the area and staff must clean it up, wearing protective clothing such as gloves which must be disposed after as it will protect them from infection or catching the illness. Personal Protective Equipment at Work (PPE) Regulations 1992. A child with diarrhoea should be given plenty of fluid; if the child cannot keep the fluid down then the child should be taken to the hospital as soon as possible. It is best the child stays of school for at least two days before returning. This is normally a health and safety procedure in a setting. E3 11 year old 9:00am The children are dropped of and say goodbye to parent. 9:15am A register is taken. This is done so that staffs are aware of all children who are in the setting on that day. You read "Childcare Level 4 Keeping Children Safe" in category "Essay examples" 9:30am Children have social time. They play with each other and with activities set out for them in the baby room. 10:15am Children have their nappy change, their hands get washed and prepare them for snack time. 0:30am put the children in their baby chairs and give them milk, water, fruit or a snack to eat and drink. assist any child who needs help with feeding. 11:00am The children are taken out side for some fresh air. put the children in their buggies or if the weather is good they can crawl around and play in the sand pit. It is important staff check the outside area every day. 11:30am The children return back to the baby room. Change of nappies and clothing is done if needed and wash the face and hands of the child. 11:45am: Children are put in their baby chairs and are told what they are going to have for lunch. Staff in the kitchen should follow the Food Handling Regulation 1995, to make sure food is prepared safely. It is very important to check that the food prepared will not affect children with allergies. 12:00pm Lunch Time – Children eat their lunch and when they are finished they are put back in the baby room to play with resources around them. 1:00pm: nap time 2:30pm: The children have their nappies changed and their face cleaned. Staff must were protective clothing such as disposable aprons and gloves. 2:45pm Staff and children bonding time. Sing songs play with instruments, read books, plays with toys and communicate with them. 3:15pm: We prepare the children for home time. It is important staffs are aware of who is collecting the children. Parents who normally collect their child should inform the setting that someone else will be collecting their child. The setting should never give the child to anyone else if not permitted by the parent. E4 – Routine for a child age 39:00am Children arrives at nursery and is greeted by the teacher. 9:15am Children sit down on the carpet and the morning register is taken. Then issue each group their activity. :30am Children go off in their groups and do there activity each group has 30 minutes to do their activity before having to move on to do another activity. 10:00am Groups change to do a new activity 10:30am Children tidy up there activity 10:45am Children put on their coats if needed collect fruit, snacks and drinks and go outside to play11:00am Children return back to the classroom and groups are change so their doing a different activity. 11:30am Groups change for the last time12:00pm Children are sent off to wash their hands and line up for lunch. Posters are placed in toilets on how to wash hands to promote hygiene. Washing hands prevents the children from infection and disease. 12:15pm Children eat their lunch. Staff are supervising the children at their table Meals are nutritional and should follow the health eating regulations. Once they have finished they go outside to play. 1:00pm Children return back to the classroom and an afternoon register is taken. 1:15pm Depending on which day of the week it is children will either have a music lesson or a P. E lesson or art lesson. A P. E lesson will allow the children to take risk and do challenging activities. It is important staff do risk assessment of any activities they have planned. :00pm Children go out to play to get fresh air and exercise. Children can explore the setting. There must be at least two members of staff supervising the children. 2:15pm Children return back to the classroom and either have golden time or free play. 3:00pm story or song time 3:30pm Children collect their jackets. Staff should only give the child to the parent or a nyone given permission by the parent to collect the child. E5 In a setting staff try to offer an exciting range of experiences to the children which will stimulate and extend their skills in all areas of development. Child Care and Education. Tina Bruce. Pg 273in a setting staff should supervise the children; there must be enough staff to look after the children. All care in the setting should avoid danger in order to maintain the safety and security of the child. Children need challenging play in order to develop, risk taking will occur in these types of activities so staff must supervise these areas for the health and safety of the child. â€Å"Close supervision is the most effective way of ensuring children’s safety†. Care and Education. Tina Bruce. Pg 273Staff should always remember it is their responsibility to keep children safe in the childcare setting. Children are individuals and develop at different stages so we must have in mind all children may not be able to do the same thing at the same time. Children with special needs may need special equipment and playing resources in order to participate safely in activities in any setting. It is important we make all children feel included when panning activities in challenging environments at no time should a child feel different due to their needs or abilities. The weather can be an issue for planning. Before outdoor play, the area must be checked. Icy or slippery surfaces are dangerous for all activities planned for the children. If staffs do decide to let children play outside despite any weather children should be suitably clothed and equipped for it. Children should always be dressed according to the weather. A challenging environment will always involve risk and this is why staff should risk assess. Risk assessment is important however we need to create and enabling environment whilst thinking about the child’s safety. Before planning we need to think and asses the possible outcomes. An activity can be well planned but if a child get injured from it then the activity is worthless. There should always be a record of safety issues that occur E6/C1 Forest SchoolsChildren seem to thrive and their minds and bodies develop best when they accessible to stimulating outdoor environments for learning through play. A forest school is a unique educational experience. The purpose of it is to adapt an education curriculum to a participants learning style. The philosophy is to inspire individuals through achievable goals and make them independent. The benefit of a forest school are:   * that its child led and initiated    * it helps to work towards goals in the Early Years Foundation stage (EYFs)   * beneficial to children with emotional and behavioural difficulties   * encourages creativity and self awareness   * uses the child centred approach   * child need an interested is always catered toâ€Å"It is important that children’s basic needs are met before higher learning can take place†. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs. Forest schools are a unique way of building independence and self-esteem in young children. They originated in Sweden in the 1950s as a way of teaching children about the natural world. Children with challenging behaviour or identified as having additional or specific needs tend to develop control over behaviour, improved concentration and independence and develop their social and emotional skills. Children who are shy and timid and lack in confidence in a normal nursery environment become confident in their own abilities within the forest and lessen to rely on adults. Being in a forest school allows children to freedom, oxygen and space. Children can explore wildlife and the growth of things in the outside world. Children should learn and develop on first hand experience. Children are more social as they interact with the other children more. They become more confident in what they do and may speak to other children. The can explore together and discuss things they find. This can not necessarily be done in a classroom. Children respond to the sense of freedom given to them in the forest school. Children are encouraged to move away from adult interaction and become more responsible for themselves and others. Children take manageable risk in a forest school they use full size adult tools, light fires, and build dens and plenty more other challenging activities. The child knowledge and understanding of the world, language, mathematics, creative, physical, personal and social development underpins the whole forest school philosophy. Learning Outside the Classroom (LOtC)In November 2006 the government launched the Learning Outside the Classroom Manifesto. It was made so that children have a variety of high quality learning experiences outside the classroom. Learning outside the classroom thrives to:   * develop children learning in the environment   * nurture creativity    * provide opportunities for informal learning through play   * reduce behaviour problems an improve attendance   * stimulate, inspire and improve motivation   * provide challenging the opportunity to take acceptable levels of risk   * improves young children attitude to learning    * improves academic levels achievements   * develops skills and independence in a widening range of environment ( Tasoni, 2007. The government believes children should learn and experiment the world beyond the classroom. Children construct their own learning in the world around them. Learning is more engaging and relevant to the children. E7 Risk taking benefits the development of children as it influences their perception of themselves and self –esteem, it provid es excitement and pleasure for the child. A child needs to take risk in order to develop risk competence. Children seem to have fewer accidents when they are more risk taking as they are more knowledgeable and skilled in assessing risk and can takes risks more safely. Panic ZoneLearning ZoneComfort ZoneOnce the appropriate risk assessments have been carried out in the setting, activities can be planned to enable children to learn from their environment while taking managed risks. Children must have the opportunity to explore their physical environment. By making children take risk we are playing an important role in developing their independence. It helps children to develop their physical development and social development as they can help other children to keep themselves safe. If we do not allow children to take risk then they will not develop to the next stage of development. A child who is not allowed to take risk will not enjoy the thrill of achieving or try new challenges. The opportunity to play in and experience different environments is important in allowing children to experience challenges. If children are helped to take risk then they will develop their skill and confidence in what they do. Many settings thrive to manage risk and challenges and allow children to take risk by providing them with challenging play, experience and activities. Children learn through play. Climbing, building dens and tree housed, gardening, cooking, science experiment, bonfires etc allows the child to develop their control and coordination of their bodies. When you implement all these health and safety restrictions children will stop learning. Some parents may not allow their child to take risk as they are far too protective or scared of their child’s safety. This can prevent the child from having no independence and they will not be aware of their own danger when unsupervised and the risk they can actually manage, which may result to the child seriously hurting themselves. Children should have some awareness of the risk and challenges they can take. Being oblivious to risk is worse than a child taking risk, they can put themselves in serious danger as they don’t know the different levels of risk they can and cannot take. Parents should be the once to reinforce this. Children need to be supported by the adults to take risk. Children need to be told about any accidents that could happen so that when they are playing they are responsive of this. We as the adult in the setting should think about:   * talking to children about the potential risk in the environment   * encouraging children to think of ways to manage the risk the may come across. This can be done by making the child take upon some responsibility and indentifying and reporting hazards. * encouraging older children to take acre of younger ones where there are potential risks    * agreeing appropriate behaviour. Child Care and Education 4th edition, Penny Tasoni, 2007. Pg 195Children should always be reassured by the adult that they are here to help as this boost the child confident in what ever they do. If a child is scared to do something the adult should provide support and encourage the child to do it. The child then know they can do it and that the adult is their to help if something goes wrong. E8 D2 Each setting should have a Health and Safety policy. It should contain the overall guideline for employers, employees and any other staff. It should state the values of the setting regarding health and safety. It should state the procedures that are regarded to be followed in the setting. All procedures should be names in the Health and Safety policy. They should be regularly revised and all staff should be advised of the procedure of the setting before starting work. Every childcare setting is required by law to have an accident book in a safe place in the setting and to maintain a record of accidents init. This makes the parents and staff aware of about any accidents that have happed. The book requires the following informationName of person injured: Date and time of injury:Where the accident took place:What exactly happened:What injury occurred:What treatment was given: Name and signature of person dealing with accident:Signature of witness to the report:Signature of parent:If an accident happens to the child you should call or send for first aide. He or she will provide the best care for the injury. If needed call for the supervisor as well. If the accident is serious parent/career must be informed immediately or if less serious inform them at the end of the day when they come to pick up their child. Record the accident in the accident book and ensure the parent signs it. The accident book should be kept in safe place where it is easy to access. Children contacts numbers should assessable in alphabetical order so any member of staff can find who the want quickly. In a setting there should normally be pictures of staff who are first aiders. The setting should be kept tidy so visitors and parents know there child is being left in a safe environment and staff should encourage children to tidy up after themselves as well. If a child is ill whilst in the setting the child should be removed from the classroom and taken to the first aider where the parents should be informed immediately and told to come and collect their child. If needed the child should be cleaned and changed and a member of staff should comfort him or her, until the parent comes for them. First aider should advice the parent to take the child to the family doctor if necessary. Signs of serious illness includes:   * High temperature   * Continual vomiting    * Unexplained pain   * Unusual crying in a babyChild Care and Education 4th edition, 2007, Pg 182This is when a child should be taken to see a doctor. If a child has a contagious illness, e. g. swine flu, parents and local authorities must be notified that the illness is in there setting. Children who have on going illness e. g. have allergic reactions, should be kept a record of. Staff must have a have a note of all medication the child needs including how much the child needs to intake and how frequently the child needs it. All setting should have a policy of parents informing them of all the illnesses and medical attentions their child needs. Posters of the child should be made including information of what the child is allergic to, and should put up in staff rooms and places visible for all staff to see and be aware of. Children in the setting should be encouraged to keep hygienic therefore washing hands before meals and after play. The must know about germs and bacteria and how they spread and cause infections and illnesses if they don’t hygienically maintain there body as child like to but the hands in their mouth and dig their noises. If an emergency happens, e. g. a fire in kitchen, the fire alarm must be raised and everyone must evacuate the building immediately. Keeping the environment safe to support the procedure means keeping corridors clear and fire exits, ensuring everyone in the setting is aware of the assembly point children’s contact details are up t date and that it is always kept the same. It important that in the setting all staff know what to do in an emergency, practices need to be held regularly and signs and notices must be kept in visible places. Drills and practices should be taken seriously, as if it is really happening and should be recorded as the Early Years Foundation stage (EYF) states†¦http://www. eriding. net/resources/fndtn/management/101125_sclark_eyfs_safeguarding. pdf B1 There are many ways to maintain the safety and privacy of children. â€Å"Supervision is the most effective way of ensuring children’s safety. † Child Care and Education, 2007, Pg 273Children should be treated as individuals as they have their own individual needs. Babies have no awareness of their danger and are totally dependant on their parent/carer for protection and safety. In a setting children are to be changed in a separate section in the setting and the practitioners should also be accompanied by another person just to protect themselves. When changing a child it should never be done in a place where the child is not exposed to other people and children, or where the other children are playing. Doing this is respecting the privacy of children, as the UN Convention states that all children have the right to privacy. All settings will have information about each child stating where they live and parent/career phone number etc this information should be kept in a secure place, insured to protect it from being disclosed to anyone other that member of staff in that setting. Doing this is respecting their confidential needs. Parents will inform staff about illnesses or personal information about their child and family this should not be shared with friends or other member of staff unnecessarily. Children have rights as the Children Act clearly states and it is important that we value and respect them and put them into practice in the setting. Practitioners must be aware of the policies and procedures in their setting as it inform staff how to keep the children safe. Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needs theory. Safety needs is one on the five stages a human needs in order to for fill their full potential (self-actualisation) therefore; if a child does not feel safe they will not reach their full potential (self-actualisation) where personal growth and fulfilment takes place. The setting should always provide a safe and secure environment for the children meaning, ensuring the environment and equipment is checked and safe to use. Staff should check the outside area everyday before the children arrive as needles, sharp objects and other harmful object can fall into the setting. Equipment in the setting should be tested if needed to make sure it work properly and in no way may harm the child using it. Toys in the setting should have a water mark on it clearly indicating that the toy has been tested and is safe to use. Special needed children may need special equipment and play resources in the setting, in order to participate safely in the daily activities or just need to have changes made to the environments to suit their need. However they should never be made to feel they can’t do things by themselves and they don’t always need assistance. We have to be careful not to scaffold the child to much as they can make choices for themselves. Staff in the setting or on duty can only deal with and watch over a certain amount of children at a time. It would be a good idea for staff to encourage children to be aware of their own safety and the safety of others. So lessons on why and how to keep your self safe would be beneficial for the staff and more importantly the children. As they can use their own initiative and indentify what is and what is not safe to do. They become more self aware. There should be a time where staffs have one to one time with children in the setting. This time could be where children tell you how thy feel or about something that may be bothering them. What ever has been said in that conversation should only stay between you and that child as they choice to tell you because they knew that they can confide and trust you. If the child has told you something that is putting them in danger then that is the only time matter must be taken into someone else’s hands and it would be best to tell the child before doing so, just so that they are aware. A When working with children, a practitioner can have both negative and positive effect. Negatively the demands of a childcare job can seem extremely challenging. Tiredness, stressed, boredom, all factors that can’t be avoided in this type of job. Working hours are generally from 8:00am to 3:30pm and staff’s are always on their feet as children need consisten t supervision. Children need routine and staff must stick to it†¦doing the same thing everyday becomes very boring. â€Å"Boredom is the deadliest poison. † William F. Buckley, JR. Stress can be caused by this type of work as practitioners have to maintain and work at high standards. â€Å"Stressed caused by work is the second biggest occupational health problem in the UK,† Child Care and Education, 2007, Pg 329. This is because staffs are unable to cope. The work load may interfere with private, social or family life, too much to do or simply believing childcare isn’t the right job for them. As well as the above, practitioners can be physically affected. Back problem is the biggest occupational health problem in the UK. Childcare involves picking up children. Continuously bending over and stooping to the child’s level. Children at a young age are not yet independently hygienic and are vulnerable to colds becoming ill and picking up infections. These things can easily be passed on to practitioners. Parents/careers put their child’s safety in the practitioner’s hands as they are mostly with the child during the settings hours. So a lot of pressure is on the practitioner, if any thing happens to the child accidentally or not they feel as if they where the one to blame and some parents are not very reasonable or understanding. Practitioners could become too attached to the child involving themselves in things that do not really concern them. This could be difficult for some. Some children in the setting may tell practitioners moving information. That their being abused, have difficulties, etc and they could then become emotionally attached to the child, showing love to the chid, love they may not receive at home or from their parents. Positively there are joys and happiness to the job. When children achieve and do well in things it makes the practitioner feel happy as they helped the child to achieve that goal. Learning new things from the children and putting it into practice. Bonding with the child finding out what they like and dislike show the practitioner that the child can confide in them and feels safe around them. Set routines will eventually develop the child to know what is coming next and they will independently get ready for it putting least pressure on the practitioner to have to run after them. Practitioner’s in the setting do all they can to support and care for the child that is why routines and doing things at certain time are in place. However some people may agree with the way the setting does things due to their own views and beliefs. Comparatively, all children need similar care but when working with different children who come from different background whose parents have different religious requirements or do not want their child eating certain foods; it can be difficult for the practitioner. Practitioners will have parents that will not agree with everything they have to say or made to feel uncomfortable with what is happening in a setting. If this happens the supervisor or tutors are there to support and discuss how you will need to deal with the ituation. The practitioner should keep themselves up to date with any changes in practices and legislations. Practitioners should not put themselves in risky situation e. g. being left alone with a child. Just to avoid accusations being made as â€Å"The number of children contacting a sexual abuse helpline service has increased by almost 50% in three years†. http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/scotland/7877823. stm. There are websites and books available to practitioners that can support them and give information about how to deal with problems they have. In all setting there are policies and guidelines to help them meet the care needs of children such as health and safety, confidentiality and protection polices. It is vital that procedures are followed to protect themselves. This in itself causes fewer problems. E9 Books  * Bruce, T ,( 2007) Child Care and Education, * Pound L, (2005) How children learn, Step Forward Publishing Ltd (United Kingdom) * Tasoni P , (2007) Child Care and Education 4th edition, Websites http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/scotland/7877823. stmhttp://www. eriding. net/resources/fndtn/management/101125_sclark_eyfs_safeguarding. pdf How to cite Childcare Level 4 Keeping Children Safe, Essay examples

Occupation Health and Safety

Question: Discuss about theOccupation Health and Safety. Answer: Overview of Toxicity of Silver (Ag) Silver is one of the rare metals found in earth. It is found in the form of soft silver naturally. Silver and silver compounds are found at various working sites present in the soil, air or water that are hazardous to human health. Silver dust particles and soluble compounds of silver lead to a condition called Argyria. It is caused by exposure to silver and silver containing materials. It results in staining of the skin and mucosal membrane. It occurs due to deposition of silver on the dermal layer as a result of exposure to industrial chemicals or medicines containing salts of silver and other silver compounds. The workers who are vulnerable to the hazardous substance are involved in various industrial activities like mining and refining of silver, manufacturing of silver utensils, metal alloy, phorographic processings and so on. The exposure to silver affect the respiratory tract and cause serious ailments like mild or chronic bronchitis in workers exposed to manifacturing of silver nitrate (1). The toxicity profile of silver includes genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity. The various sources of exposure, especially exposure to silver in occupational spaces, occupational exposure limits that are applicable as per the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), regulations, monitoring strategies, sample analysis and toxicolological profile of silver, its biotransformation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, storage and trarget sites are outlined. Sources of Exposure Sources of silver exposure includes inhalation of silver containing substances at workplace, silver compounds present in sources of water for drinking purpose, handling silver materials at workplace and silver dust particles that can cause eye irritation in workers (2). Other sources are using silver in medications; activities that involve silver exposure are jewelry making and soldering. The occupational sources of silver exposure consist of mining and ore purification activities involving liberation of silver particles, manufacturing of silver nitrate used in photography, plating, mirrors, inks, and dyes, germicides, antiseptics, reagents of analytical standards, glass manufacturing, silver plating and laboratory reagents (3). Sources also include liberation of the materials containing silver while manufacturing and casting alloys, silver metal fabrication. During the photo chemicals, paints, pigments and silver powder manufacturing, some silver particles liberating from the site are also regarded as the sources of silver exposure. The occupational sources of silver exposure also include elemental silver exposure, exposure to silver nitrate and silver oxides. The radiographic materials and photographic articles involve certain solution in their processing that contains silver. The dental amalgams, creams like Sulfadiazine cream and solutions for relieving burns also contain silver compounds. Applicable Occupational Exposure Limits (OELS/PEL) Occupational Exposure Limits (OELS) are referred as limitation values required for prevention of the occupational health hazards or other factors related to the workplace risk that affect adversely the health of the workers involved in chemicals related works and have high level of exposure to them (4). The short-term exposure limits are generally set for 15 minutes. They are set for short duration of exposure to harmful chemicals and fumes. According to Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), the silver and silver containing compounds have regulatory limit of 0.01mg/m3 and 0.01 ppm (5). The recommended limit of silver and silver containing substances is prescribed according to NIOSH REL (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommended exposure limit). Metals, dusts and fumes have a recommended limit of 0.1mg/m3. The recommendation for the exposure limit in case of soluble silver compounds is 0.01mg/m3. According to CAL/OSHA PEL, the permissible exposure limit is 0.01 mg/m3 for potential occupational carcinogens (6). Applicable Legislation, Monitoring Strategy and Sample Analysis Legislation: According to Emergency and Community Right-to-know Act, section 313, silver is considered and enlisted as a toxic chemical. Regulations for air: According to OSHA CFR 1910. 1000, it is stated that the maximum limit of silver is 0.01mg/m3. Regulations for water: Drinking water: EPA 40 CFR 141 states the maximum limit is 0.05 mg/L (7). As per Australia PEL, CAS No. 7440-22-4, Silver and soluble silver compounds have Time Weighted Average (TWA) of 0.01 mg/m3 for 8 hours (8). Singapore PEL, Work Safety and Health Act, section 65 states that there must be a medical practitioner designated for the workplace, personnel must be fit for the work and proper training must be provided to them. Medical examination of the workers is a must as stated by regulation 4 and 5 (9). Monitoring strategies: The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) provide a basic guidance towards monitoring strategies of harmful toxics. The monitoring strategies are required for assessment of the risk to ensure that they comply with the workplace exposure limits (WEL). It is also involves health monitoring and setting up of workplace standards (10). The monitoring strategy involves: Personal monitoring: It consists of measurement of exposure levels of the personnel and workers involved in the hazardous activity, detection and monitoring of the emission source source, determination of the concentration levels of the toxics present in air of the breathing area. Fixed place monitoring: The sources at fixed places can also be monitored for silver or such chemical presence. Though fixed place sampling cannot help in determining risk in the entire workspace, but it can be helpful for assessing risk in individuals health (11). Moreover, a scheme on protection of personal health can be organized for regular monitoring, assessment, training of workers and evaluation. Monitoring of personal protective equipment, its functionality, hygiene and maintenance must be conducted. Monitoring for contamination of personnel clothing, storage and cleaning techniques should also be made. Monitoring is done for ensuring that sanitation is maintained well within the workplace. Activities like smoking and eating in the working space also need to be controlled. Figure 1-Schematic approach towards strategic monitoring of hazardous substances (Source: www.hse.gov.uk) Sample analysis: The sample analysis for silver is done by the analytical method using biological and environmental samples. The samples with silver materials present in traces (approximately about 10-6 to 10-9) can be detected by various analytical methods. The methods include atomic emission spectroscopy with high frequency torch, neutron activation analytical technique, flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy, flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and micro-cup atomic absorption spectroscopy. Among all other methods, the most commonly used method for detection of trace amount of silver in biological samples is atomic absorption spectroscopy. Flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy is also used as it has high detection ability of samples containing silver in gram or microgram. The analytical methods like atomic absorption spectroscopy and plasma emission spectroscopy are extensively being used for detecting silver materials in environmental samples like air, water and soil. Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy is used for identification of silver substance in waste materials. Flameless atomic spectroscopy technique is used for detection of the silver containing substances in water samples. This is an extremely sensitive analytical method for analysis of environmental samples. Paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography are also used for determination of the traces of silver nitrate in surface and fresh water. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is also used for analysis of contaminants present in soil samples (12). Toxicology associated with the Contaminant, Biotransformation, Mechanism of Harm, Absorption, Distribution, Accumulation, Storage and Target Organs of the Contaminant Toxicology associated with silver are: Gentotoxicity: Though silver does not undergo mutation, however, it can result in breakdown of DNA strands that has an impact on constancy of the replication procedure of the genetic material. Reproductive toxicity: Silver deposition does not affect the reproductive system in either of the sexes, but injection through subcutaneous route of administration may result in deterioration of the tissues and morphology of the testicles. Developmental toxicity: The increased levels of silver materials in fetal tissues may result in malformation and abnormalities in the fetus. Immunotoxicity: Exposure to silver materials to the dermal surface may cause some reaction and hypersensitivity in individuals. Neurotoxicity: The exposure to silver orally can cause changes in neuroanatomical profile resulting in deterioration of health (13) Biotransformation and Mechanism of Action (harm): Biotransformation refers to any modification or alteration made chemically by some organisms on a chemical substance. Biotransformation consists of two phases of reactions. Phase I- It involves oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis (14). Phase II- It involves conjugation reactions The condition, Argyria is a rare dermal disease mainly caused by exposure to silver and silver containing compounds. It is considered a consequence of a complex biotransformation mechanism. It is mainly caused by oral ingestion of silver substances. The mechanism in which the biotransformation takes place is a complex process. The silver ingested through oral route undergoes oxidation to form salt as the resultant. This resultant salt form undergoes absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and is distributed through systemic circulation into the dermal membrane. The dermal layer is composed of cells and in these cells it may undergo further biotransformation reactions. These reactions may also involve photo reduction of the silver complex forms. The complex forms if undergoes further complexation reactions with metals like Selenium, may result in permanent accumulation of silver in the tissues involved in it and hence the silver gets deposited on the skin (15). Absorption: The absorption of silver and silver containing substances occurs through inhalation, oral as well as dermal route. The inhalation and dermal route are the two main routes through which the exposure of the contaminants takes place. In case of long-term exposure to the silver substances, the route through which exposure occurs is the dermal route. Exposure to silver occurs through ingestion of the substance which results in its absorption. The rate and extent to which the absorption of the contaminant takes place depends on the transit time which is the time taken by the substance to travel along the gastrointestinal tract. The absorption can also occur through the skin. The exposure to complexes of silver may lead to Argyria. The absorption also takes place through damaged and burnt skin. The medicines containing 0.5% silver nitrate may also serve as a source of absorption of silver on the dermis (16). Distribution: The silver compounds ingested through oral route or inhaled undergo distribution. The elemental silver also gets distributed that are inhaled or ingested orally. The extent of distribution in the organs varies. The extent to which the metallic silver is distributed in bladder and bile is around 0.03%, its 0.028% in the intestinal region, 0.09% in heart, stomach 0.12% and muscle 0.007% (17). The distribution of silver takes place following the dermal route. The silver exposure through topical application of medications like burn creams may result in distribution of the silver substance into spleen, heart, kidney and bones. Accumulation/ Metabolism: Precipitation of silver salts like silver chloride, silver phosphate may result in silver deposition into the tissues. These salt forms are transformed into soluble silver as the resulting substance. The soluble forms include sulfides and aluminates. They form complexes by binding with amino acids, carboxylic groups found in genetic materials (RNA and DNA) and proteins. In addition to it they also may undergo reduction by reacting with ascorbic acids and catecholamine to form metallic silver. The resultant silver metal undergoes oxidation. The tissues carry it out. They are accumulated as silver sulfide, which is a black colored product. The formation of this resulting substance imparts black coloration to the skin and the individuals are detected with Argyria (18). Excretion: The radioactive silver substance undergoes rapid clearance from the lungs preliminarily by ciliary actions resulting in removal in the form of feces. The removal of silver from liver occurs by billiary excretion. Storage and target organs: The primary storage and target organ is skin. Primarily the silver exposure at occupational site mainly affects the skin. It also gets into the body by inhalation and ingestion. The exposure to a photochemical material site or under such influences result in silver deposition in the dermis. This results in blue-black coloration of the skin. The silver exposure through inhalation results in accumulation of the substance in lungs. They also get accumulated in the liver, spleen, heart, intestine through various routes of exposure of the contaminant substance (17). Conclusion Silver is metal rarely found on earth. It is used for making silver ornaments, photographic plates, as medicines and such other purposes. These activities are related to various hazards to the workers involved in handling of silver materials. Silver deposition in the skin leads to a rare condition called Argyria characterized by discoloration of the dermis. There are various sources of silver exposure at workplace. Occupational sources of silver also include silver plating, dyes, ink, pigments, mining, refining and other activities. Occupational Safety and Health Administration set the occupational and prescribed exposure limit. This also serves as regulatory guideline. The monitoring approaches to toxic chemicals involve assessment of the toxic substance at the workers breathing zone as well as the source area of the contaminant. Environmental and biological samples are analyzed by a series of analytical technique involving various spectroscopy and chromatographic principles. Argyria is a result of biotransformation involving complex processes. Silver is an indispensable part as it has a widespread area of implementation. Therefore, adopting proper monitoring, managing and control measures is necessary to reduce the exposure levels and safeguard the lives of the people engaged at occupational sites that deal with silver in numerous ways. References: 1.Bakand S, Hayes A. Toxicological considerations, toxicity assessment, and risk management of inhaled nanoparticles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016 Jun 14;17(6). 2.Berlin A, Yodaiken RE, Hanman WA, editors. Assessment of toxic agents at the workplace: roles of ambient and biological monitoring. Springer Science Business Media; 2012 Dec 6. 3.Bretherick L. Bretherick's handbook of reactive chemical hazards. Elsevier; 2013 Oct 22. 4.Beer C, Foldbjerg R, Hayashi Y, Sutherland DS, Autrup H. Toxicity of silver nanoparticlesnanoparticle or silver ion?. Toxicology letters. 2012 Feb 5;208(3). 5.Harbison RD, Bourgeois MM, Johnson GT. Hamilton and Hardy's industrial toxicology. John Wiley Sons; 2015 Feb 9. 6.Bergeson LL, Cole MF. Regulatory Implications of Nanotechnology. Biointeractions of Nanomaterials. 2014 Jul 29. 7.Dave V, Khirwadkar P, Dashora K. A review on biotransformation. Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology. 2014 Mar 1;2(2). 8.Molina-Hernandez AI, Diaz-Gonzalez JM, Saeb-Lima M, Dominguez-Cherit J. Argyria after silver nitrate intake: Case report and brief review of literature. Indian journal of dermatology. 2015 Sep;60(5):520. 9.Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary toxicology. 2014 Jun 1;7(2). 10.Munger MA, Radwanski P, Hadlock GC, Stoddard G, Shaaban A, Falconer J, Grainger DW, Deering-Rice CE. In vivo human time-exposure study of orally dosed commercial silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2014 Jan 31;10(1). 11.Lee JH, Ahn K, Kim SM, Jeon KS, Lee JS, Yu IJ. Continuous 3-day exposure assessment of workplace manufacturing silver nanoparticles. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2012 Sep 1;14(9). 12.www.atsdr.cdc.gov. 2016 [cited 27 September 2016] Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp146.pdf 13.Peters TM. Managing Risks in Occupational Environments. Nanotechnology: Health and Environmental Risks. 2012 Nov 12. 14.www.ilo.org. 2016 [cited 27 September 2016] Available from: https://www.ilo.org/dyn 15.Sarazin P, Burstyn I, Kincl L, Lavou J. Trends in OSHA Compliance Monitoring Data 19792011: Statistical Modeling of Ancillary Information across 77 Chemicals. Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2016 Jan 4. 16.www.dhss.delaware.gov. 2016 [cited 27 September 2016] Available from: https://dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/files/silverfaq.pdf 17.www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au. 2016 [cited 27 September 2016] Available from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au 18.www.osha.gov. 2016 [cited 27 September 2016] Available from: https://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels/tablez-1.html

OfficeMax Corporate Description

Introduction The purpose of this essay is to describe the background of OfficeMax, Inc., financial statements, organizational structure, industry overview, and overall performance of this company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on OfficeMax Corporate Description specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Company and Industry Description OfficeMax is a diversified company and the pioneer of retail office products industry, which serves the pubic and private sector for the office supplies, paper, print, document services, and technological solution with high integrity, accountability, and corporate social responsibility through 29,000 associates all over the USA; in addition, it establishes several subsidiaries with 1,000 stores in the US and Mexico (OMX, Inc. 1). The performance of the office-supply retail industry is very significant to the manufacturers as they directly linked with the quick unstable demand, while the secto r generated profit of US$ 151.5 million with sales revenue US$ 7.6 billion in 2011, but the industry has been suffering from a declining profit from 2.6% to 2.0% during 2006 to 2011 (IBISWorld 4). History of firm OfficeMax started its journey in 1931 in the name of Boise Cascade Corporation; in 2003, it acquired OfficeMax, Inc. that provided the company to double its office products supply chain in the US market and the company bannered as OfficeMax; at the same time, it registered in NYSE and established headquarter in Naperville, Illinois (OMX, Inc. 1). In 2004, the company diversified its business from manufacturing to independent office products distribution channels for different technology based office supplies; in 2006, it brought remarkable changes at the management and shifted headquarters with strategic plan that rescued the company from the serious impact of global financial crisis and the company introduced five-year growth plan in 2010. Ownership and Stockholders of Company ZACKS (6) pointed out that OfficeMax Inc. has already listed company in the New York Stock Exchange, and it has aligned with 94% Institutional Ownership, 1 % Insider Ownership with US$ 696 million of market capitalization and 87 millions of outstanding shares while its Mexican outlets operated through 51% joint venture. The debt equity scenario of the company is as followsAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1: Equity and Debt Position of OMX Source: Modified from Morningstar, Inc. (1) The current equity owners of the company is as – Figure 2: Current Equity Owner Source: Modified from Morningstar, Inc. (1)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on OfficeMax Corporate Description specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Morningstar, Inc. (1) reported that the stockholders of the OfficeMax are Franklin Balance Sheet Investment Fund, Thornburg Value, CREF Stock, and Fidelity Value and so on while Countryman (1) pointed out that the share of the company is significantly undervalued and they think to break-up or realize their full investment, such threatening trend of investors have generated huge challenges. Financial Condition: Past, Present, Trends According to the Yahoo Finance (1), share price of OfficeMax experienced extreme growth in the stock market at the initial stage, and the share price of this company decreased in 2008 and it was below $2 at that time though the position developed steadily; however, the following figure shows the historical stock price of OfficeMax for three stock exchanges – Figure 3: Historical stock price performance of OfficeMax from 2008 to 2011 Source: Yahoo Finance (1) Key variables 1997 ($ million) 1998 ($ million) 1999 ($ million) Sales Revenue 3.765.444 4,337.768 4,842.698 Gross profit 870.36 973.23 1,111.543 Net Income 89.6 2 48.62 10.041 EPS 0.72 0.39 0.09 Table 1: Key financial variables of OfficeMax Source: Self generated from O’Malley (14)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More O’Malley (20) pointed out that the performance of this company deteriorated from the fiscal 2000 and the earning per share declined as well; however, the present performance of the company is satisfactory, but it must have to consider global financial crisis to hold stable position in the future. Analysis of financial statements and performance The operating costs of this company had not increased significantly, but the net income fluctuated dramatically, for instance, net income attributable to OfficeMax was $34.894 million, $71.155 million and $ 0.667 million for 2011, 2010 and 2009 accordingly; the following tables show key financial statistics and operating expenses for OfficeMax – Key variables 2011 ($ million) 2010 ($ million) 2009 ($ million) Sales Revenue 7,121.167 7,150.007 7,212.050 Gross profit 1,809.18 1,849.652 1,737.598 Total Assets 4,069.275 4,078.93 4,069.531 Total Liabilities 3,468.359 3,428.918 3,566.335 Total cash flows from investing activities (69.373) (87.338) 2.822 Table 2: Key Financial Variables of OfficeMax Source: self-generated from OfficeMax (74-78) and Yahoo Finance (1) Variables 2011 ($ million) 2010 ($ million) 2009 ($ million) Cost of sales 5,311.99 5,300.36 5,474.45 Operating, selling, and general and administrative expenses 1,690.97 1,689.13 1,674.71 Asset impairments 11.20 10.98 17.612 Other operating expenses 20.53 3.077 49.30 Table 3: Total operating expenses of OfficeMax Source: Self generated from OfficeMax (78) and OMX, Inc. (1) Performance and Soundness in Comparison to Industry/ Competitors The presence of strong competitors in office-supply retail industry is one of the main threats for OfficeMax while the market position of the competitors is outstanding and it has both direct and indirect competitors those offer similar services, for example, local and international office goods markets are extremely and increasingly competitive (Yahoo Finance and OfficeMax 35). Accor ding to the figure 2, the performance of this company was not enough sound considering the performance of the competitors because it generated about $40 million profits in 2011 while Office Depot earned approximately $80.95 million and Staples, Inc. generated more than $917 million; however, the following figure demonstrates direct competitor comparison among the major competitors – Figure 4: Direct Competitor Comparison among Office Depot, Inc., Staples, Inc. WMT, and industry (Specialty Retail, Other) Source: Yahoo Finance (1) Figure 5: Comparison of stock price performance between OfficeMax and Staples, Inc. for the last five years Source: Yahoo Finance (1) Figure 6: Comparison of stock price performance between OfficeMax and Office Depot, Inc. for the last five years Source: Yahoo Finance (1) Many small companies are offering similar products and many others are trying to produce innovative products using modern technology, which can change the customer behavior and in crease market demand; moreover, the existing large companies are not the only threatening aspect for OfficeMax, but prospective new entrants can also cause of competitive challenges in the free market economy. Industry Type: Manufacturing/ Service In 2010, Sales revenue from manufacturing was US$ 3,634.2 million and from retailing US$ 3,515.8 million while the consolidated sales revenue was US$ 7,150.0, this data illustrated that the contribution of Manufacturing was 51% and the rest 49% earning from retailing; thus, the company has both attributes of manufacturing and service; at the same time, it is labor intensive (OMX, Inc. 6). Organization and Structure The Chief Executive Officer named Ravichandra Saligram is responsible to control all departments; in addition, the vice-president and Chief Diversity Officer are accountable to maintain the OfficeMax Diversity Council to prepare various reports and improve operational performance by implementing strategic plan. Figure 7: Organi zational Structure 2012 of OfficeMax Source: Official Board (1) Diversification The company is extremely diversified company, for instance, it has retail segment, contract section and so on – Figure 8: Sales from different segment Source: OfficeMax (5) Centralization The top management and board members are responsible to exercise decision-making power, which demonstrates that OfficeMax is following centralized organizational structure (Barney Hesterley 135). Compensation Policies According to the annual report 2011 of OfficeMax, Executive Vice-President Steve Parsons is responsible for all aspects related with compensation and benefits; however, compensation committee designs salary structure for the employees, directors and other board members. On the other hand, OfficeMax (1) reported that salary of the directors is competitive, non-employee directors obtain a form of long-term equity reimbursement, but non-employee board members merely receive salary for their boa rd service; however, it fails to ensure high compensation and benefits to attract and retain qualified associates. The following figure shows information related with equity compensation plan – Figure 9: Equity Compensation Plan Information Source: OfficeMax (117) Management Controls The management of OfficeMax is committed to control the company and review the performance of the Company by maintaining ethical codes with integrity, the regulations and conducts for the board member, and legal provisions of national and international markets; however, Ethisphere Institute awarded this company for quality leadership in ethical business practices (OfficeMax 1). Types of Organizational Structure OfficeMax is following hierarchical or formal organizational chart to control the company; in addition, OfficeMax is highly differentiated in its own industry, which influences the company to maintain several common functional departments to operate the business, for instance, legal d epartment, merchandising, supply chain, diversity management and human resource department; however, the subsequent figure shows a simple organizational of OfficeMax- Figure 10: Organizational Chart of OfficeMax Source: OfficeMax (1) Works Cited Barney, Jay. Hesterley, William. Strategic Management and Competitive Advantage. London: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print. Countryman, Andrew. Major shareholder seeks sale or breakup of OfficeMax Inc. 2005. Web. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2005-03-12/business/0503120309_1_officemax-capital-partners-k-capital. IBISWorld. 2011. Office Stationery Manufacturing in the US. PDF file. 02 November 2012. http://www.texastrade.org/resources/documents/doc_download/507-office-stationery-manufacturing-in-the-us-industry-report. Morningstar, Inc. OfficeMax Inc OMX. 2012. Web. http://investors.morningstar.com/ownership/shareholders-overview.html?t=OMX. OfficeMax. Annual Report 2011 of OfficeMax. 2011. Web. http://investor.officemax.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=851 71p=irol-reportsannual. OfficeMax. Corporate Governance of OfficeMax. 2012. Web. http://investor.officemax.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=85171p=irol-govguidelines#2. OfficeMax. Organizational Chart of OfficeMax. 2012. Web. http://about.officemax.com/csr2007/working+organizational+structure.html. Official Board. Organizational Structure 2012 of OfficeMax. 2012. Web. http://www.theofficialboard.com/org-chart/officemax. O’Malley, Judge. 2000. In re OfficeMax, Inc. Securities Litigation. PDF file. 02 November 2012. http://securities.stanford.edu/1015/OMX00/2001427_r01c_0002432.pdf. OMX, Inc. Company Facts. 2012. Web. http://about.officemax.com/html/officemax_company_facts.shtml. OMX, Inc. OfficeMax Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2010 Financial Results. 2012. Web. http://investor.officemax.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=85171p=irol-finnewsArticleID=1529468highlight=. OMX, Inc. 2009. OfficeMax’s Living Values 2008, Corporate Social Responsibility Report. PDF file. 02 November 2012. http:// about.officemax.com/csr2009/downloads/OMX_CSR_Report_08.pdf. OMX, Inc. 2011. OfficeMax’s Fact Sheet 11. PDF file. 02 November 2012. https://www.eandi.org/PDF/OfficeMax_Difference_5.11.pdf. Yahoo Finance. Comparison of stock price performance between OfficeMax and Office Depot, Inc. for the last 5 years. 2012. Web. http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?t=5ys=OMXl=onz=lq=lc=ODPql=1. Yahoo Finance. Comparison of stock price performance between OfficeMax and Staples, Inc. for the last 5 years. 2012. Web. http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?t=5ys=OMXl=onz=lq=lc=SPLSql=1. Yahoo Finance. Direct Competitor Comparison. 2012. Web. http://finance.yahoo.com/q/co?s=OMX+Competitors. ZACKS. 2012. OfficeMax Incorporated. PDF file. 02 November 2012. http://www.zacks.com/ZER/zer_get_pdf.php?r=Z921561t=OMXid=23723. This essay on OfficeMax Corporate Description was written and submitted by user Natasha M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

HTML

HTML HTML HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the backbone of the Internet. Although it's very limited in many ways, it is the framework that delivers programs written in much more powerful languages, such as Java and Perl. One of HTML's main benefits is that it is a cross-platform language, usable in PC, Mac, UNIX, and elsewhere. However, different browsers, such as Netscape and Internet Explorer, have different HTML standards, resulting in certain commands that will work in one browser and be disabled in another.For the most part, HTML is a simple, straightforward language. Anyone working with HTML documents should be aware of the basic commands and structure of the language, and how to pick out display text from commands. There are many books and websites that teach HTML; see below for a short list of good ones. However, certain elements of HTML are controversial or confusing and need some clarification as to their uses and drawbacks.English: Poland 1917 Essay by Edmund Bartlomiejczy.. .

As far as the critical analysis, I want you to choose an article that Assignment

As far as the critical analysis, I want you to choose an article that addresses issues families or individuals in rural communities face in regards to healthcare - Assignment Example One thinks that the author used appropriate sources of information. The policies and programs of the government mentioned in the article are relevant in the topic being discussed. The government programs that are cited give value to the ideas communicated by the author. The arguments presented are adequately supported by studies and literatures in the field of interest. Table 1 which outlined the reasons for choosing rural nursing practice and Table 2 which showed the challenges associated with rural nursing practice were helpful in driving the message that the author wishes to convey. It gives a clear picture of the state of nurses in rural communities. I find the article very meaningful because it gives me a clearer understanding about the difficulties faced by rural nurses as opposed those working in the urban areas. It made me sympathize with them regarding the challenges that they face, yet still choosing to have a career in rural areas, when they in fact have a choice. I also feel that the government must do their part in supporting these rural practitioners. Although private institutions can help through educational support for nurses, I believe that a greater part of the funding should come from the government. Rural nurses contribute a lot to the healthcare services of rural areas, especially in the absence of physicians. If the government cannot support them, the rural areas will not have access to quality healthcare service. Government should think of incentives for rural nurses so that our country can expect an increase in their number. Government should coordinate with the regional medical directors and the rural nurses themselves and conduct a needs assessment in rural areas to determine the training and professional skills needed by the nurses serving in the remote areas. Medical educational institutions must also be supportive in this area. This article has enlightened me

Marketing princles Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing princles - Coursework Example n addition, the paper will explain the macro and micro environmental factors that influence marketing decision making process and further identify the differences of international and domestic marketing. Marketing process is made up of various elements that are integrated to ensure maximization of market efficiency. To begin with, market analysis enables the organization to identify customer needs to be satisfied. In addition, S.W.O.T. analysis is done at this level in order to identify the capabilities and limitations in a company (Study Marketing Organization n.d, p.1). Evaluation on future prospects is done on the basis of information obtained through S.W.O.T. analysis as well as the socio-economic and political factors (Study Marketing Organization n.d, p.1). Another element of marketing process is the marketing strategy. This is done after identification of an opportunity to be fulfilled in the market. According to Business Knowledge Centre, marketing strategy involves selection of target group and market division in order to formulate methods of product positioning (n.d, p.1). A good marketing strategy enables a company to maximize market efficiency and compete effectively with other firms. In addition to marketing strategy and market analysis, marketing implementation is done by coordinating the marketing mix elements. Coordination of marketing mix involves implementation of the results of market analysis and marketing strategy. Elements such as product development, pricing, promotions and distribution are dealt with at this level. Lastly, market control forms the final and critical element of marketing process. At this stage, a firm monitors changes in the environmental factors as well as consumer need changes and readjusts the marketing mix elements to suite the changes. Various measures are used to evaluate success of market implementation as well as other marketing process elements. Market orientation is defined as implementation of marketing

Methods Of Evaluation Of Vehicle Aerodynamics

Methods Of Evaluation Of Vehicle Aerodynamics Part a) Different methods of evaluation of vehicle aerodynamics: In recent years aerodynamics of vehicle has gained a lots of attention because of the major use of negative lift (down force) principle which improves the performance of vehicles. Thus evaluating vehicle aerodynamics has become an important part of car engineering and it is no longer only limited to vehicles initial designing. Several method and tools are used in this process such as wind tunnel testing, computational fluid aerodynamics or track testing. Each of these tools has their special need for e.g.:- at initial design stage wind tunnel can be used and after car is built it can be tested on the track. In the following paragraphs i discuss three mostly used methods i.e. wind tunnel testing, CFD software and track testing. http://www.atzonline.com/cms/images/sh05-09-20.jpg Wind tunnel testing: In 1870s first wind tunnel was designed but until 1960s it was just meant to use for aeronautical purposes but once this method brought to use for automotive purposes, within no time it became an essential part of car developments and provided good environment for aerodynamic evaluation. In the wind tunnel testing method a geometrical shapes or models is mounted in the test section of wind tunnel and air is blown over or sucked through a duct by a fan or number of fans. To make measurements more accurate closely spaces vertical and horizontal air vane are used which smoothes the turbulent flow before it reaches the model. Usually, measurements are taken from a balance on which model is mounted and various visualisation techniques such as smoke and tufts are used to understand the affect of some geometric features on aerodynamic performance. Wind tunnel helps to acquire lots of data such as: Aerodynamic forces drag, lift, side force Variation of these forces and movements with yaw Vehicle cooling drag Affect of aero features Surface pressure distribution There are different types of wind tunnels which are as follows: LOW SPEED WIND TUNNEL also named as SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL are of open return type or return flow in which air is moved with a propulsion system made up of a huge axial fan which helps in increasing dynamic pressure and thus helps to overcome viscous loss. In this type mach number is kept very low and speed is maintained up to 400 km/h http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsonic_and_transonic_wind_tunnel#Subsonic_tun)Staffordshire University logo HIGH SPEED OR TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL is designed to reach the speed close to the speed of sound. Mach and Reynolds number both are important here due to viscous or in viscid interactions. As compared to subsonic wind tunnel, much large scale facilities and pressurized wind tunnels are used. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsonic_and_transonic_wind_tunnel#Subsonic_tunnel) SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL generates supersonic speed. In supersonic wind tunnel, high pressure ratio is required and to avoid occurrence of liquefaction or condensation drying or pre heating facility is required. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Supersonic-en.svg/400px-Supersonic-en.svg.png (http://reference.findtarget.com/search/supersonic%20wind%20tunnel/) HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL produces hypersonic flow field in test section. It runs with very high pressure ratio and like supersonic; hypersonic also requires pre heating facility. As compared to other types of wind tunnels, hypersonic wind tunnel has more challenges in its designing. Staffordshire University logo (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Langley_hypersonic_wind_tunnels.jpg) WIND TUNNEL SCALE: Model scale wind tunnel testing (MWT) plays an important role in aerodynamic development of motorsport vehicles, training and research though now it has been outmoded by CFD. wind_tunnel1 Figure: http://www.insightman.com/mag_photos/wind_tunnel1.jpg It is an ideal way to determine the affects of various features and body styles on aerodynamics of vehicles. In model scale testing, model lie between 30%,60%nand they can be be produced by various techniques such as fibre glass, stylist clay models, milled foam and rapid prototype models or a combination of all of these. Model scale testing doesnt needs high running cost as sophisticated test methods such as fitting a moving ground plane doesnt need high expense. In all, if styling method can be utilized than this testing method is a cheaper method to develop vehicle aerodynamics.Staffordshire University logo In spite of all, model scale testing has its own limitation such as: Ensuring geometric similarity: some special features can be difficult to model at small model scale. Reynolds number effects: Reynolds number (Re) of the flow around vehicles reduces with the reduction in scale which then requires an appropriate increase in the airflow. FULL SCALE WIND TUNNEL TESTING (FSWT):- FSWT has totally taken over MWT as it many problems faced during MWT are overcome by using full scale testing: It eliminates the effect caused due to Reynolds number. It totally avoids the cost of production of models. It helps to determine the influence of small geometric changes. Aerodynamics: Radical LMP2 in MIRAs Full Scale Wind Tunnel (http://www.mira.co.uk/Services/AerodynamicsMainPage.htm) COMPUTATIONAL FLUID AERODYNAMICS (CFD): It is a phenomenon or software used to improve the car aerodynamics. The software provides benefits from number crunching capability of computers used to solve the problems of fluid flow, heat transfer and related processes like chemical reactions with the use of simulations of fluid flow. The fluid here refers to a lot of substances as well which behave like fluids depending on the circumstances they are in, for example, winds blowing around buildings, cooling air flows in a laptop, drugs in asthma inhalers etc. It mainly focuses on affects made by pressure, temperature, density and the velocity of the fluids. It is powerful technique software with a wide range of applications. It is very commonly used software in automotive industry (the method has an ability to calculate the air flows around a vehicle or car), especially in motorsports because of the massive competition. It first came in light in 1990s.The software is now owned by Bar Honda Formula 1 team. The software has always been updated at times as the as the new computer technologies come in. since the software runs of a computer, the speed of the computer processor also plays an important role in improving the performance, in other words, more powerful the supercomputer, more accurate result of CFD process. As the time passes it has become cheaper and advanced.Staffordshire University logo Streamlines under a stock car (http://strangeholiday.com/oops/stuff/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092016.pdf) Working process of computational software is divided into phases: First of all, it divides the geometric structure of the object into a set of elements or cell which named as a mesh. The accuracy of the result of CFD totally depends upon the number of cells as higher their number is, more accurate result will be. Secondly, mesh representing volume occupied by the fluid is created. Now, when fluid flow comes into contact with the object, it gets separated into as many cells as possible. Then, computer starts finding out the problem it faced during the second phase. Besides this, it also set up a clear image of interaction of object and fluid flow. Finally, simulation is started and result obtained is analyzed. Staffordshire University logo INSTRUMENTED ROAD OR TRACK TESTING: This testing method has earned lots of popularity in short time as it a very cost effective testing method as all we need to perform this is good weather and cost of renting a track and instrumenting. Aerodynamic drag plays an important role to improve the performance (fuel consumption, speed) of car. These tracks are constructed especially for the vehicles which are new or are under research. The tracks are made under such circumstances that when testing a car it gives the most relevant or most accurate results. DSC_05442 Figure:http://www.speedsportlife.com/wp-content/2009/11/DSC_05442.JPG These tests are used to identify the different properties or aspects in different conditions such as traffic flow, weather (raining, dusty, snowing or at different wind flows) and time of day. The car is made run on the track at different and constant speeds to check the flow ratios with the help of the sensors fixed on both sides of the track. The sensors track the dynamic path of the car which give information about the flows and performance of the cars. The aerodynamic behaviour of the vehicle is then analyzed and the car is again made run on the track with improved or modified aerodynamic properties. Part 2Staffordshire University logo Computational Fluid Aerodynamics (CFD) The science that tries to verify a numerical solution to the equations that govern the fluid flow is called CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). In the recent years, CFD methods have been utilized as an important tool of design analysis within research organisation and industry with the help of supercomputers. In fact, science is now trying for the theoretical-experimental treatment so that results which are obtained in wind tunnel testing can be used to standardize and prove the numerical models. As everything have its dual aspects, so as CFD. It has its own lots of advantages and some disadvantages too which are discussed as follows: MERITS:- A large number of CFD simulations can be performed rapidly and of course it is way cheaper than making a real model and running it in a wind tunnel or an instrumented track. With CFD there is always a greater probability of getting design right first time before manufacturing the actual vehicle because overall concept and shape can be tested. CFD enables the designer to analyze and visualize the flow around the vehicle. It can be done a number of times to facilitate the design optimization. It is much cheaper than to perform a wind tunnel test. Auto optimization is the advanced form of CFD and is considered to be more accurate. In it computational methods that accesses mathematically the obtained results and makes changes to the configuration and the shape of the vehicle. It automatically selects the most suitable design. Automatic mesh deformation is one of the advancement in auto optimization. Performing computational optimization method and automatic mesh together, it is possible to explore geometry changes and the software alters the mesh along with the geometry. CFD technology helps to improve the aerodynamic performance of vehicles and also helps in reducing co2 emmision.Thus, this testing method not only serve a duty for automotive purposes but also helps in keeping environment pollution free. Staffordshire University logo Demerits: No doubt CFD is a best tool among all other ways of determining vehicle aerodynamics but scaling issues can create some limitations to it such as reduicton of transition from laminar to turbulent flows (e.g. boundary layers) or the calculation of separated flow and unsteady wakes.) CFD can make millions of calculations to achieve an accurate result but the final result can only be appropriate for some reasons like: non accurate or less accurate data, scientific knowledge base or reduction in number of calculations by supercomputer. So, there are more chances of making numerical errors since everything relays on computers. Besides this, approximation of result can cause Truncation errors and round off errors are also possible due to the word size available on a particular computer The bottom line is that solutions find by CFD rely upon user-defined elements like: grid generation and turbulence modelling, which will be soon an obstacle facing code developers. It is not yet possible to create full flow field model economically as in mostly vehicles the large scale flow regimes depends on inevitability of transition and turbulence. PART 3 25mph Pressure image:E:25MPH25mph Pressure.gif The pressure is very low (-21.71446) on upper and lower surface of wing .It is more (33.87485) on front tip of wing and also it is less( 23.76770) on front upper and lower surface, it also same on back upper and lower surface of wing. Velocity image:E:25MPH25mph Velocity.gif The velocity is very low (1.854647)on front tip of wing and it is high (6.536719) on upper and lower front surface of it. It is also same on back upper and lower surface of wing. Velocity is really low (9.658100) on lower surface and upper surface of wing but on mid portion of upper surface it is (7.317064) 45mph Pressure image: The pressure is very low (-16.66089) on middle upper and lower surface of wing .It is more (38.92842)on front tip of wing and also it is less( 23.76770) on front upper and lower surface, it also same on back upper and lower surface of wing. E:45MPH45mph pressure.gif Velocity image: The velocity is very low (2.634993)on front tip of wing and it is high (8.097410) on upper and lower front surface of it. It is also same on back upper and lower surface of wing. Velocity is really high (9.658100) on lower surface and upper surface of wing but on mid portion of upper surface it is (7.317064) E:45MPH45mph velocity.gif 65mph Pressure image:E:65MPH65mph pressure.gif The pressure is very low (-1.500165) on upper and lower surface of wing .It is more (33.87485) on front tip of wing and also it is less( 18.71413) on front upper and lower surface, it also same on back upper and lower surface of wing. Velocity image: The velocity is high (6.536719)on upper and lower front surface of wing. It is also same on back upper and lower surface of wing. Velocity is really high (9.658100) on lower surface and upper surface of wing but on mid portion of upper surface it is (7.317064) E:65MPH65mph velocity.gif 85mph Pressure image:E:85MPH85mph pressure.gif The pressure is very low (-16.66089) on upper surface and also low on lower surface(-11.60731) of wing .It is more (33.87485) on front tip of wing and also it is less( 23.76770) on front upper and lower surface, it also same on back upper and lower surface of wing. Velocity image: The velocity is high (8.097410) on upper and lower front surface of it. It is also same on back upper and lower surface of wing. Velocity is really high (9.658100) on lower surface and upper surface of wing but on mid portion of upper surface it is (7.317064) E:85MPH85mph velocity.gif Part 4: Conclusion: Staffordshire University logo As the technology improves day by day the things (automobiles) get cheaper, smaller (size) and advanced. Since there are a lot of ways of aerodynamic testing, but the CFD software is the best way of evaluating the aerodynamic performance of the car. There are a lot of thing which make CFD the best. Like we can also evaluate the aerodynamic performance of the car using methods like wind tunnels but using wind tunnels it becomes far more expensive (making arrangements for the sample model), whereas in CFD we just need a CAD model and everything is done more quickly than any other method. Also if the model needs any changes or modifications it is very easy as compared to making new models for wind tunnels.CFD is more affordable and there is no maintenance required whereas wind tunnels and instrumented tracks needs a lot of maintenance at the time of operation or when free. There are very less or no chances of any errors in CFD (since everything is done with the help of computer) only a human error could affect the results, whereas in the case of track testing and wind tunnels the probability of making errors is more as big machinery or equipments are used which are analyzed by humans (no doubt computers are more reliable). There are lots of models (heavy) which are dangerous to test in wind tunnels in full scale, whereas in CFD the simulation can be performed without worrying about anything. Using the mesh deformation makes the calculations more clear, one can focus on each and every single part the vehicle or model tested as compared to an overall result obtained from track testing or wind tunnels. It takes very less time to carry out the results. So CFD is the best method for testing the aerodynamic performance and it will become better and cheaper as the computers get more powerful and cheaper. Staffordshire University logo